最近の動きとしては、フランスのサルコジ大統領が、コロンビア大学のジョセフ・スティグリッツ(Joseph E. Stiglitz—2001年ノーベル経済学賞)、ハーバード大学のアマルティア・セン(Amartya Sen—1998年ノーベル経済学賞受賞)等、ノーベル経済学賞受賞者らを集めて、幸福度測定に関する委員会を設置しました。委員会は2009年末のパリでの会合で、スティグリッツ報告書を提出。「GDPの数字に代わる、国の経済状況、社会の進歩、国民の真の幸福度を適切に示す、より広範な指数が必要である。誤った指標や方向性に基づいて政策をつくれば、その政策自体が間違ってしまう」と、世界の指導者たちにむけて呼びかけました。
このアプローチの入門書は、やはりセンのDevelopment as Freedom や最近のThe Idea of Justiceがお薦めです。フェミニストの人は、ヌスバァムのWomen and Human Development: The Capabilities Approachや彼女の最近の本・論文を読むと、迫力ある筆勢にひきつけられることでしょう。このアプローチを包括的にまとめた論文は多数ありますが、私は下記の二編を薦めます。
Sabina Alkire (2005). “Why the Capability Approach?” in Journal of Human Development.
Ingrid Robeyns (2005). “The Capability Approach: A Theoretical Survey.” in Journal of Human Development.
McGillivray, M. (2007). Human Well-being: Issues, Concept and Measures. In M. McGillivray (Ed.), Human Well-being: Concept and Measurement (1st ed., pp. 1-22). Palgrave Macmillan.
Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A. K., & Fitoussi, J.-P. (2009). The Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress Revisited - Reflections and Overview. OFCE Working Documents (p. 79). Paris: Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE). Retrieved from http://stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm.
Okinawa 2 (I love Okinawa)
I visited Okinawa last month. Okinawa hosts 74 % of the U.S. bases on 0.6 % of the land. Despite overwhelming opposition, the Japanese government is taking the lead in efforts to build a new U.S. military base in Henoko Bay, emphasizing the deterrence value of the U.S. bases in Japan. Our policy makers want to proceed with the construction "shuku shuku to (calmly and solemnly)."
It is shockingly mindless and undemocratic to disregard the Okinawans' will. Here are some of useful websites on anti-U.S. base acitivities and protests (see the Japanese version – four of eleven sites are in English).
辺野古(新基地阻止)基金
[[http:tamutamu2011.kuronowish.com/sosikikin.htm|Tamu Tamu @ Kuro no wish]]
Economics of U.S. base redevelopment sway Okinawa mindset
[[http:www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/05/17/national/politics-diplomacy/economics-u-s-base-redevelopment-sway-okinawa-mindset/#.VWg8NFIppf6|Japan Times Journal]]
Looking at Flaws in the Henoko Landfill Permit Process from the Standpoint of the Right to Self-determination
Kitano Takeshi’s Elementary Schools and Japanese Schools in Benin
About three months ago, I wrote a blog article on the children orphaned by the AIDS epidemic in Malawi and the importance of education as a critical instrument for social and economic development (or human development). Admittedly, what I wrote may be too crazy or too utopian to be realized.
But, we humans sometimes think alike. By chance, I learned about a Japanese guy who has already put the similar ideas into practice. That is Mr. Takeshi Kitano (Beat Takeshi)! What?! Is he an activist beside being a filmmaker and a comedian? According to these Youtube, Takeshi Kitano used to have a TV show called “This is what is strange about the Japanese people.” A hundred foreigners living in Japan were invited to voice their observations about weird and negative aspects of Nihon. One of the guests was Mr. Zomahoun Idossou Rufin (known as Zomahon), from the Republic of Benin in West Africa.
That was how Zomahon met Takeshi twelve years ago or so. With the help of Takeshi, Zomahon built four schools in his country including Takeshi’s Elementary School and Takeshi Japanese School.
In the school lunch program in Benin, according to Takeshi, it costs 25 yens (about 25 cents in the USA) and there are kids who can afford it and those who cannot afford it. “It is cruel that those kids have to watch the others eating.” So, they have established a sort of child sponsorship. Becoming a sponsor, a supporter in Japan receives a photograph of the child and vice versa, and that’s how they make a bond of friendship.
In their elementary schools, they provide free education and free lunch for kids. They also help the local people to grow agricultural products. Among the graduates from these schools, those who have mastered the language are sent to Japan, trained to be medical doctors and other professionals, and they work in Japan for certain years. They eventually return to Benin and work for their country.
"Suppose, some kids succeed in graduating from universities and become important one day. It is cool if s/he visits Japan to meet a person who has treated to lunches, isn't it?,” Beat Takeshi remarks.
In Youtube, you will see that some Beninese graduates prostrate themselves on the ground to show their gratitude. Humble Takeshi seems to get self-conscious and in order to hide that, he makes a joke, “Zomahon sometimes does the same thing when we meet. And, it makes me look bad like a bully!”
[2011-11-14 Japan Focus Journal] Amartya Sen's Capability Approach, Democratic Governance and Japan’s Fukushima Disaster - アマルティア・センのケイパビリティ・アプローチ、民主政と福島の大惨事 (Mizohata, S)
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